This tension in Barth’s thought on grace finds some relief in his doctrine of election, where Barth associates grace not with the divine essence understood apart from election, as seems to be the case here in II/1, but with God as he has determined himself to be in Jesus Christ.24 Thus, it is grace which is ‘the beginning of all the ways and works of God’ ad extra.25 As ‘a spontaneous opus internum ad extra of the trinitarian God’, election always has ‘the character of grace’.26 It is this qualification
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